#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use feature "say"; #enables say verb

my $x = "now is the time for all good men";
say substr($x,11); #"time for all good men" from 11 to end
say substr($x,11,5); #"time " from 11 for 5
my $y =  substr($x,11,4,"EPOCH"); #substitute within $x
say $x; #"now is the EPOCH for all good men" - substituted in $x
say $y; #"time" - did substitute and substr returned what it substituted